The apostrophe after S is one of those punctuation rules that confuses many writers, both beginners and seasoned ones alike. It’s essential to grasp how to use apostrophes correctly, especially when it comes to making words possessive or showing ownership.
In this article, we’ll break down the rules of apostrophe usage, focusing on the apostrophe after plural S, singular nouns ending in S, and the special cases of proper nouns with S. We’ll also provide practical examples and scenarios to make sure you fully understand the concepts.
Let’s dive into it and clear up the common confusions surrounding apostrophes in English.
Understanding Apostrophe Rules
Before we get into the specific cases of apostrophes after S, let’s first remind ourselves of the general rules for apostrophe usage. The apostrophe is used to indicate possession, as well as to form contractions and show plurality. Here are the basics:
- Apostrophes for Possession: When something belongs to someone or something, we use the apostrophe to show possession.
- For example: John’s book means the book belongs to John.
- Apostrophes for Contractions: Apostrophes are used to show the omission of letters in contractions.
- For example: It’s is a contraction for it is, and don’t is a contraction for do not.
- Apostrophes for Plurals: When you want to make a plural form, the apostrophe usually does not come into play unless there’s possession involved.
So far, so simple, right? But what happens when you’re dealing with nouns that already end in S? The rules get a little trickier here.
Apostrophe After S: The Basics
1. Possession After S
When a plural noun ends in S, the apostrophe is typically added after the S to show possession. This is the apostrophe after plural S rule. Here’s how it works:
- Example 1: The teachers’ lounge — This refers to the lounge belonging to the teachers. Since “teachers” is already plural, the apostrophe goes after the S.
- Example 2: The dogs’ toys — This refers to the toys belonging to multiple dogs. The word “dogs” ends in S, so you simply add an apostrophe after the S.
Scenario: An Email to a Friend
Let’s say you’re writing an email to a friend about a party at the school:
Hi Sarah,
I’m looking forward to this weekend! I heard that the teachers’ party is going to be a lot of fun. I also saw the dogs’ toys scattered all over the yard. It looks like they had a great time running around!
See you soon,
Emma
In this case, you’re showing possession for both the teachers (who own the party) and the dogs (who own the toys).
2. Singular Nouns Ending in S
Now, what happens when you’re dealing with singular nouns ending in S? The rule can vary depending on the style guide you follow, but traditionally, the apostrophe and an additional S are added. This helps to make the possession clear, especially with proper nouns and names.
- Example 1: James’s car — The car belonging to James. Even though “James” ends in S, we add an apostrophe and another S to indicate possession.
- Example 2: The boss’s office — The office belonging to the boss.
Scenario: A Text Message About Work
Imagine you’re texting a colleague about a meeting:
Hey Tom,
Can you confirm if you’ll be attending James’s meeting tomorrow? I think it’ll be held in the boss’s office.
Thanks,
Kate
In this scenario, “James’s” and “boss’s” are both showing possession, following the rule for singular nouns ending in S.
3. Proper Nouns with S
Proper nouns are specific names of people, places, or things. When proper nouns end in S, the rule is similar to singular nouns: you add ‘s to show possession.
- Example: Paris’s landmarks — The landmarks belonging to Paris.
However, in some style guides, such as the Chicago Manual of Style, it’s acceptable to just add an apostrophe after the S, especially for names that are difficult to pronounce with an additional S sound.
- Example: The Williams’ house — The house belonging to the Williams family.
Scenario: Writing a Letter
Imagine you’re writing a formal letter:
Dear Mr. Thompson,
I recently visited Paris’s famous landmarks during my trip. I was also invited to the Williams’ annual charity event, which was a great experience.
Best regards,
David
In this case, both “Paris’s” and “Williams’” indicate possession, and the apostrophe usage follows the rule for proper nouns.
Apostrophe After S Exceptions
1. Possessive Forms of Names Ending in S
While the general rule is to add ‘s after singular proper nouns ending in S, there are exceptions. Some style guides suggest only using an apostrophe (no additional S) for names that already end with an S sound, like Jesus or Moses.
- Example: Jesus’ teachings (instead of Jesus’s teachings).
Apostrophe Usage in Contractions
2. Apostrophe in Contractions
Another common area for confusion is contractions, where the apostrophe is used to indicate missing letters.
- Example: She’s is a contraction for she is or she has.
- Example: They’re is a contraction for they are.
These are common apostrophe examples that don’t involve possession, but they still follow important apostrophe rules.
Apostrophe for Plural Nouns
When dealing with plural nouns, it’s important to remember that apostrophes for plural nouns usually don’t appear unless they are possessive.
- Example 1: The dogs barked loudly — No apostrophe is needed because you’re simply making the noun plural.
- Example 2: The dogs’ barking woke me up — The apostrophe is added after the plural noun “dogs” to show possession.
A Table for Quick Reference
Here’s a table summarizing the most common cases for apostrophe usage:
| Case | Example | Apostrophe Placement |
|---|---|---|
| Possession after Plural Nouns | The teachers’ lounge | After the plural S |
| Singular Noun Ending in S | James’s car | Apostrophe + S |
| Proper Nouns with S | Paris’s landmarks | Apostrophe + S or after S |
| Possession After Proper Names | The Williams’ house | Apostrophe after S (or + S) |
| Contractions | She’s here | Apostrophe for missing letters |
Common Apostrophe Mistakes
There are several common apostrophe mistakes people make. Let’s break them down:
1. Mixing Up Possessive and Plural Forms
People often confuse possessive forms with plural forms. The key is to remember:
- Plural = no apostrophe
- Possessive = apostrophe + S (or just apostrophe if plural)
- Incorrect: The teachers’s lounge
- Correct: The teachers’ lounge
2. Using Apostrophes for Plural Nouns
Avoid adding apostrophes when you’re simply making something plural.
- Incorrect: The dog’s are playing outside.
- Correct: The dogs are playing outside.
Apostrophe Pronunciation
Apostrophes affect pronunciation in some cases. When an apostrophe is added, it can create a possessive sound that’s easier to pronounce. For example:
- The teacher’s book — You hear the s sound at the end.
- The teachers’ book — You hear just the s sound without an additional s.
Apostrophe Tips
Here are some apostrophe tips to keep in mind when writing:
- Remember the Difference Between Possession and Plurality: Only add an apostrophe when showing possession.
- Know the Exceptions: Be aware of proper names and contractions that follow special rules.
- Keep It Simple: Don’t overcomplicate apostrophe usage. If you’re unsure, consult a grammar guide!
Conclusion
Apostrophe after S can be tricky, but with a clear understanding of the apostrophe rules, you’ll soon master it. Whether you’re dealing with singular nouns ending in S, proper nouns with S, or possessive forms, the key is to know when to add the apostrophe and whether an extra S is needed. Keep practicing, and always double-check for common mistakes.
